Favorite Style Garden

Which expression of garden art / garden style that we have studied this semester resonated most strongly with you personally?  Explain why.



       Throughout the semester, I liked how we examined several different types of garden art and styles. The different features within them made the different styles unique and easy to remember. I think that my personal favorite were the Victorian style country gardens.This was known as the "Arts and Crafts Garden". This was a new fashion and style of gardens created through Gertrude Jekyll and Edward Lutyens. This style was named to be to the Art and Crafts movement which was meant to express romantic and folk styles of decoration. I loved the quaint and charming essence about them that separated them from the older more grand scale medieval gardens of the early to mid 1800's. 

The content of these gardens provided them with unique style and originality. One of these features was the country cottage plants. These plants were close to the house and also bedded around the house in a unique way. Lutyens created and designed the overall layout ad structure of the garden while Gertrude completed the plant layout and contents in the garden. Her bedding skills were phenomenal. Their work together was impeccable and quite originally making it nearly impossible for any other artist to replicate. The architectural features such as the terraces, steps, detailed walks, walls and water features were sharp touches to the garden. However, Gertrude softened these touches with the detailed and intricate low bedding arrangements within the garden. It helped to merge the house and the garden together as one which resulted in a beautiful scenic landscape.

I enjoyed this garden for its originality and unique features when compared to other gardens. I also love flower gardens over lots of shrubbery and tall tree gardens. After taking this class I have learned that informal gardens are far more appealing to me than formal gardens. 




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Victorian Villa Format and Layout Design

1. Form and style of the Victorian Villa


The Victorian villa garden was heavily influenced through the society and culture at that time. This culture was an expression of wealth, power, education, fashion and possessions. It was largely a status symbol. At this time the middle class held a lot of power within society due to political and economic taxes raised for the wealthier classes of society.

The gardens took a place within a more natural than nature landscape similar to Capability Brown. The citizens at this time were having a rather difficult time with having a mix of nature and art within the same space of a garden. Therefore, Bateman and Cooke designed a garden together and wanted integrate both nature and art into the garden. Together they created Biddulph Grange through hiding different areas of the garden from one another which is quite brilliant. They did this through utilizing heaps of rocks and thick planted shrubs that locked close together creating a tight design. This design consisted of Italianate terraces and were connected by steps that enclosed small scale flower patches.

Another important figure at this time names Joe Paxton helped create the first glasshouse (we know as a greenhouse), the rock garden, which was a new idea and also, the emperor fountain. Each of these features added a new element to the Victorian Villa. The curvi-linear glasshouse was such an interesting feature to the garden because it was so different and it added such a new and beautiful element to it. This indoor garden allowed for more plants and flowers to be kept year round and the start of exotic plants was present as well. It was so important that the Queen even stated how miraculous it was as she went through it. Unfortunately burned down and all of the plants were lost.

However, Paxton visited London several years after that with plans to build a new glasshouse, "Crystal Palace". It was beautiful and the it took 2,000 mean and eighteen months to build on a 19 acres lot. Overall, the Crystal Palace added to the symbol and wealth and fashion statement through the large number of visitors and the largest enclosed space for a total of five years at the time. Culturally, it supported wealth and popularity and Paxton received his knighthood from Queen Victoria for the work he did.


Overall, the gardens were utilized for





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The Arts and Crafts Garden

     The Victorian Villa style garden was viewed as a traditional, informal and small garden next to the house in the early 1400's. The Tudor and Elizabethan styles were very influential in the more recent style and design of the "Arts and Crafts Garden" in the start of 1870. The wheels of fashion for the Victorian Villa style garden were turning and the search for a more informal style within a formal garden setting was desired. This desired for features such as gazebos and terraces within the garden. 
    People desired for a new style of garden therefore, two individuals played a role in transforming this wish. Robinson, a gardener and Blomfield an architect battled their ideas and beliefs about how the garden should be created. Robinson wanted the garden to be inspired by nature utilizing different plants which took more of a naturalist approach. Whereas, Blomfield thought that because the garden was in such close proximity of the house it should have the more formal Renaissance look to it. However, shortly after these individuals input to the Victorian Villa, the "Arts and Crafts Garden" emerged. 
     This "Arts and Crafts" garden stood for traditional craftsmanship through the utilization of simple forms of romantic decoration. Two individuals who played a huge role in this movement, were Gertrude Jekyll and Edwin Lutyens in the mid 1800' s to early 1900's. Gertrude was an incredibly talented gardener and was well educated, which was rather unheard of at the time because most women did not attend schooling. Her ideas and talent involving planting and bedding within the Villa was inspirational and incredibly detailed. The gardens looked as if they were meant to be that way. She highlights the clear cut paths and bunches of plants within the garden well. It adds a contrast within the garden and carries a formal look within the more informal house setting. Lutyens was an architect that designed the overall layout of the gardens and the house which set up the stage for Gertrude to design the bedding and planting. Their work together created such beautiful gardens, one in particular is the Anne Hathaway garden that is rather large and sits on about 12 acres. 
     This fusion of house and garden that these two individuals created was rather incredible and difficult for anyone else to create. Impressionism was also introduced within Jekyll's gardens through an artist in whom she trained. This new garden carried a rather romantic and old fashioned air about it. 


https://www.google.dk/search?q=english+villa+style+garden+1908&biw=1280&bih=622&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=2Wo_VYvKJMiOsgGxqIGADg&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ


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Urban Green Space in the 21st Century

        The city of Copenhagen stands out in a rather unique way when compared to other cities because it has a fair amount of urban green space within it. On our field trips we visited several of these spaces. This included the Frederiksberg Park, Orstedsparken, Botanisk Have, and the Rosenborg Castle Gardens. Each of these spaces offers something different to the citizens of Copenhagen. They also differ in their appearance in comparison to one another. 

       The Frederiksberg park was inspired by Prince Frederik in 1671-1730. It carried an Italian and French influence. It was originally built and used as a royal family summer residence. However, now it is used for a place for people to go to and enjoy a bit more of the country side. As we explored the different parts of the garden, it became clear that this was a space used for families and friends to relax and enjoy social interaction. I passed many people running along the paths of the park as well as moms and dads pushing their children in strollers and people walking their dogs. We were also told that many people come here in the summer time to tan, drink and enjoy the summer days as much as possible. The curved pathways within the tall trees provided a more enclosed and remote feeling within the park. The body of water integrated in it, breaks up the park and provides a peaceful view with the different ducks and swans that people feed and sit by. 

      Orstedparken contains many tall trees that provide a barricade from the big city buildings which creates a physical barrier from the city. This barrier was intended to serve that purpose back in the 19th century. We discussed how much of its old character is still maintained today. The bridge split the Northern half of the city from the rest of it and the bridge is still in the park but is built in a different spot over the lake to integrate the park as a whole. Most of its topography remains the same today such as the low trees and plants around the water. The close proximity of this park to the city makes it easily accessible for people to utilize. One thing that I noticed as we walked around during our field study, was that a lot of people took their lunch break here. This serves as a great opportunity for people to get fresh air and time outside throughout their long day in an office as well as socializing with their colleagues outside of the office. 

       These different urban green spaces offers a unique element to the city of Copenhagen because they are embedded within a city. This allows for the people of Copenhagen to immerse themselves in the city life but then have a space close in proximity to the city to provide them with a space that allows for a break from their busy life. 




Frederiksborg Park 

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Orstedparken

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18th Century changes to English Gardens and Landscapes

     In the 18th century, many changes occurred within architectural landscapes due to the admiration for landscape paintings, the Grand tour and rediscovery of certain literature. 

     One of the first architects to influence the landscapes was Bridgeman. He was the inventor of the garden and landscape feature known as the ha-ha. In the Stowe it an for three miles total. This was meant to keep the cows and other large animals out of the garden and away from the house. This stemmed from the idea of "borrowed land". He was a transitional artist, there were bits of Baroque brought into the landscape although Baroque was vanishing and curvy lines were being introduced. His style to the garden added beauty but also low maintenance and low expense. It was rather to the British benefit because the owners typically made money off of the land. Bridgeman then built and designed the garden Stowe for Vanbrugh that was rather trendy. He sculpted the lawn and provided a layout with more formal elements being broken up by groups of trees and water. The main access was present however, there were many curved lines around it, offering a more informal look.  

     After Bridgeman was done, Kent came in and created a rather picturesque theater element to Stowe. In a way he turned it into 3-D art and were classically inspired. His gardens consisted of grottoes, temples and statues. It offered more than what Bridgeman did. These large features allowed for distant views of them through the open trees and hilly grass/lawn area. This led to a rather sculpted and picturesque garden. This landscape was meant to look like it was designed a certain way, not meant to be natural looking. The curvy paths he added to the garden created a large change to the garden's over head view. It also made the walking paths a bit more interesting because they intersected other paths to the large features within the garden.

     Finally, Lancelot added onto the design of Stowe. Lancelot was a commoner but was well educated and did a great job with the landscape through the societal and political events at this time. Stowe was designed to tell a story of the classics, politics, and sexual and moral narratives. Lancelot designed it so that when you read into it, one would start to see the layers of the tales. The classic story of the garden is telling the story of Hercules and his decision. He was given a moral choice between living a virtuous and tough life vs. a pleasurable life of vice. He chose the virtuous life of pain which is described and told through the split of the garden into the east and west side. The western garden represents the tale of lust which tells the vice life. The east side tells the story of the painful life which was believed among society to be the right life to take. The temple of ancient virtue represents the  virtuous people in life through their statues. Overall, Lancelot did not intend for Stowe to be 3 dimensional or theatrical. It was instead meant to be enjoyed in and of itself through its own beauty offered. 





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Why were the Versailles Gardens and Palace Built? What role did they play while King Louis XIV was in rule?

       The Garden of Versailles started out as a small hunting lodge built by Louis the XIII in 1623. This was intended as a weekend home retreat for his own leisure and enjoyment. He kept his mistresses there and provided them with lots of land for beautiful walks and a beautiful home. However, Versailles was added onto some time after the original infrastructure. It was built onto by Andre Le Notre in 1664. The contents of this garden were spectacular and the garden was open and grand. It carried a baroque style which encompassed an Orangery that had over 3,000 trees for citrus. It provided fruits and a beautiful aroma throughout the whole garden. This orangery expressed a strong presence of architecture of the Spain, Portugal and Italian influence. The baroque style also encompassed large extravagant fountains with lots of water use, a long canal, large lawn space and rich bosquets, which were ornamental groves incorporated throughout the garden.
      The Garden and palace of Versailles was built not only for its beauty and to be appeasing to the eye but it carried a statement of power. The statement of French wealth was highly influential in this garden and palace along with its protection to the King because of the dangerous status of Paris at the time. Perhaps the King wanted to transfer as much power as he could to his garden from Paris who held previous power. The different levels of the garden allowed for better protection and places for the King to hide away from enemies, not to mention even hiding some of his mistresses from the Queen herself.





       King Louis the XIV stressed the need for power during his rule. The garden of Versailles helped to compliment and satisfy this overall need for power. As mentioned earlier, his desire for power was expressed through the grandiose element to the garden and the prestige buildings built onto the garden and palace grounds. The spacious quarters around Versailles allowed for noblemen to live and share a life with the King. This privileged and benefited the noble men to have a nice living style and adequate supply of resources. However, this situation also benefited King Louis XIV because it created a source of power and establishment for him. This idea was known as a garden of control or better stated as, "A Golden Cage". This recreational space supplied theater and concerts, great statement of opulence to keep the noblemen happy, large scale entertainment and a garden of prestige for the noble men to walk around in and enjoy. This "Golden Cage", allowed opportunity for noblemen to live a luxurious life, but in turn, locked them into the King's power and rule. This system highlights a clear trade off.
      The monarchy which the King occupied was complimented by the inhabitant noblemen because this opportunity was understood as serving the King. Through this belief and idea, power and authority was promoted and spread throughout society and in turn, gained by the King during his rule. This royal authority carried on throughout the King's rule and was a deep component to the history of Versailles still discussed about today.



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English Garden Design

What were the key features of the English Gardens during the Renaissance and how was the Italian influence present?


The English gardens had four different phases throughout the Renaissance period which lasted from 1485-1714. The English gardens had several different features among the four different phases. The Italian influence came into context in the Caroline phase of the English Renaissance gardens from 1625-1642.

Early Tudor-1485-1558
-water features and knot garden features


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The Early Tudor highlighted the essence of "hortus conclusus" gardens, which were designed during the medieval times and meant for pleasure. This garden carried a royal French influence. This garden was meant to be for the pleasure and leisure time of King Henry VII. At this time, there were three royal gardens designed called the Hampton Court Palace, the Whitehall and the Nonsuch Palace. The location of these three gardens was important for their overall presentation. This location was intended for these gardens to be looked down upon in order to view their overall layout. This view was called the "piano nobile", which situated them underneath the state apartments of these three large royal gardens. Within all of these gardens, the main design previewed are termed knot gardens. They are intricate designs within the hedge. These gardens were also smaller which emphasized a more informal structure to the garden. However, there were typically four of these knot gardens surrounding a fountain which was placed in the middle. This highlighted more of a formal layout within the garden. Although it was small, it had a symmetrical layout with the four knot gardens and overall point of focus of the fountain.


The Elizabethan-1558-1603
-flowers with country home close by


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The Elizabethan had a medieval influence through the variety of flowers throughout the garden. However, the Elizabethan were not used for practical reasons the way the herb gardens in the medieval times were. The flowers of the Elizabethan were utilized more for pleasure and beauty rather than medicines or cooking. This close proximity of the garden to the house allowed for appreciation of the beauty of the garden. This proximity between the two was very simple and allowed for privacy which took more of an overall informal structure. These gardens were privately used by the owners of the home. This garden incorporated a Netherlandish influence because of the idea of the house and garden placed close together. Although there was still the pleasurable element of the French influence, the pleasure garden shifted to featuring any country house. Similar to the Early Tudor, the knot gardens continued to remain an element within these Elizabethan gardens.

The Jacobean-1603-1625
-expansion of space of the house and garden
-grottoes, fountains



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The Jacobean gardens had a French and Danish influence through Henry, Prince of Wales and Anne, of Denmark. A garden revolution was sparked between these two individuals and called for an expansion of the Elizabethan gardens previously designed. The idea of the house and garden together was built off of the original Elizabethan and then added onto with different architectural touches such as grottoes and fountains. As the new garden revolution begun, a series of new gardens were built as well. Overall, the Jacobean gardens had an informal structure because it was still private and close to the house. However, there was a step towards formality through the expansion of the physical space of these gardens.

The Caroline 1625-1642
-gates
-villa style


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The English Caroline Gardens incorporated the Italian influence during the renaissance. Inigo Jones promoted the Palladian style that was heavily focused on the Italian style of the villa. The relationship between the villa and the garden was introduced during this phase of the English gardens. This adopted a larger garden that gave way to a more formal garden structure and layout. A new feature that was incorporated into these gardens were, gardens gates. These gates were designed by Inigo Jones himself and termed, "Jonesian". The gates provided a more detailed and pronounced entrance into one's garden and villa. These gardens were fancier than the previous gardens, especially the Elizabethan's.

The Formal garden 1660-1714
-Plainer grass
This garden was the last to develop of the Renaissance time period. This garden introduced a more formal layout through eliminating the idea of "flower grass". The simplistic and more symmetrical look was intended for these gardens. The landscape incorporated plainer grass which gave a larger and more professional look. These gardens shifted away from the small and private scale gardens to the larger and more public. These more public places could have helped to establish more social interaction as the Renaissance ended and a new era began.

Italian Renassiance-Humanism

These gardens incorporated the influence of humanism which was attitudes towards a natural world that highly emphasized Greek and Roman thought. These influences incorporated new ideas into the gardens if the Italian Renaissance. One idea was the planting of trees around the garden to provide some shade for people as they walked through and enjoyed the physical beauty of the gardens. This related to the overall geometry in nature that Alberti saw. This was meant to provide the garden with overall symmetry and proportion leading to more of an overall formal look to the garden. Although the villa was built as a country retreat, the shift to formal olive trees and fieds can be seen in many other Tuscan gardens.

Another feature that was introduced to the gardens during the Humanism time period was idea of the villas. This was meant to be a setting for the intellectual life and demonstration of aesthetic appreciation. The front side of the villa was completely open, demonstrating the architectural taste of this time to illustrate the different elements to the garden. The front was meant to represent openness and the back was meant to represent a secret garden. This idea was known as spatial fusion. Another influence within the villa had to do with sitting back, relaxing and enjoying the painting of Florentine quattrocento. This painting did not abandon the Christian faith, but it did heavily emphasize the importance of  human achievement.

Another important feature that was influenced on the Italian renaissance gardens were the knot gardens. These knot gardens represented work of a noble man and a Domincan monk. This art was a wood cut illustration stemmed from architectural influence. The school of Fontainebleau introduced this idea which transferred to the gardens. One book that heavily emphasized this design expressed the passion for architecture and the deep intricacy of gardens. These woodcut illustrations were similar to the grottoes, grove and pergolas. These all become further inspiration for garden designers of several generations and especially throughout the renaissance.
























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Religious meaning in Roman, Medieval and Islamic Gardens

         The Islamic gardens were extremely representative of the future paradise that they would live in during the after life. If they prayed and went to the garden a lot to praise their God, then they would be able to have  a great paradise to go to after their after life. They had the four rivers of life that resembled honey, milk, water and wine. The center body of water where these four rivers meet is known as the oasis which is representative of the oasis of life. Because they lived in such a hot climate the Islamics would want a lot of water in their garden to escape to so that added to the overall paradise element. This hot climate encouraged them to want to escape to their garden so the water provided an escape from the hot and dry climate that their God would live in.

   

        The Medieval gardens were meant to sit with others in company to enjoy courtly love. These gardens had religious meaning through the different types of gardens that existed. They had enclosed gardens that resembled Mary because she was the virgin Mary and was essentially enclosed. These gardens would contain a statue f her in the middle of the garden to resemble her as the main focus. Another type of garden that carried a religious meaning were the cloister gardens because they were  part of the abbey but were behind it or beside it. They represented Eden. Similar to the Muslim gardens, the cloisters had four rivers as well but they were represented as the rivers of Eden.




Although roman gardens resembled sophistication and wealth typically, there was a religious meaning incorporated into them as well. The Romans heavily valued their architecture within their gardens. Their architecture related to the Gods through paintings and figures within the garden. There was also a spiritual element that was captured in the harbors, headlands, shores, rivers and groves. They had the Persian influence which gave them a rather symmetrical style with a central axis or main access. This could have suggested that there was one way into the garden and one way out. Therefore when Romans went to the garden to  have a spiritual connection with the Gods they had only one way to walk in to reach the Gods and one way to leave the Gods.

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